Work, Energy, and Power Crash Course Physics #9

When I say work, whats the first
thing that comes to mind? Maybe a cubicle? Or a briefcase?
Or that history exam thats coming up soon? But if youre a physicist, work has a very specific meaning -- one that has very little to do with spreadsheets or the fall of the Roman
Empire. Today, were going to explore that definition
-- and how it connects to one of the most important principles in physics: conservation
of energy. Well also learn what physicists mean when
they talk about another concept that comes up a lot in daily life: power. So lets get towork.

[Theme Music] So far in this course, weve spent most of our time talking about forces, and the way they make things move. And you need to understand forces before you
can understand work. Because work is what happens when you apply
a force over a certain distance, to a system -- a system just being whatever section of the universe you h appen to be talking about at the time. For example, if youre using a rope to drag
a box across the floor, we might say that the box is your system, and the force youre
using to pull on it is an external force.

So, lets say youre pulling on this box-system by dragging it straight behind you, so the rope is parallel to the ground. If you use the rope to pull the box for one
meter, wed say that youre doing work on the box. And the amount of work youre doing is equal
to the force youre using to pull the box, times the distance you moved it. For example, if you pulled the rope -- and
therefore the box -- with a force of 50 Newtons, while you moved it 5 meters, then wed say
that you did 250 Newton-meters of work on the box.

More commonly, however, work is expressed
in units known as Joules. Now, sometimes, the force you apply to an
object wont be in exactly the same direction as the direction in which the object is moving. Like, if you tried to drag the box with your hand higher than the box, so that the rope was at an angle to the floor. In that case, the box would move parallel to the floor, but the force would be at an angle to it.

And in such an instance, youd have to use one the tricks we learned back when we first talked about vectors. Specifically, you must separate the force youre using on the rope into its component parts: one thats parallel to the floor,
and one thats perpendicular to it. To find the part of the force thats parallel to the floor -- that is, the one thats actually pulling the box forward -- you just have to multiply the magnitude of the force by the cosine of the ropes angle to the ground. Youll remember that we typically designate
an angle in a system as theta.

So, to calculate the work you did on the box,
you just multiply the horizontal component -- or F times the cosine of theta -- by the
distance you moved the box. Thats one way physicists often write the
equation for work -- theyll set it equal to force, times distance, times the cosine
of theta. And that equation will fit any scenario that involves a constant force being applied over a certain distance. But what if the force isnt constant? What if, say, you started out pulling hard
on the box, but then you started to get tired, so the amount of force you exerted on the
box got smaller and smaller the farther you dragged it.

To calculate the work you did in that case,
youd have to count up the amount of force you applied over each tiny little bit of distance. And if youve watched our episodes on calculus,
then you know that theres a faster way to add together infinitely tiny increments:
integration. So, to find the work done by a varying force,
you just have to integrate that force relative to the distance the object moved. Which would
look like this.

But force-times-distance is only one of the
ways that physicists measure work. Because, you know how we just said that Joules are
the units of work? Well, Joules are often used as the units for
something else: energy. And work uses the same units as energy,
because work is just a change in energy. It's what happens when an external force is applied
to a system and changes the energy of that system.

In fact, thats one of the ways to define
energy -- its the ability to do work. There are all different kinds of energy, but in this episode, well mainly be talking about two of them: kinetic energy and potential energy.
Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. When the box was resting on the ground, wed
say that it had no kinetic energy. But once you applied a force and it started
moving, it did have kinetic energy.

And the energy of the box changed, which means
that you did work on it. More specifically, the kinetic energy of an object is equal to half of its mass, times its velocity squared. If this looks familiar, thats because it
comes from applying both Newtons second law and the kinematic equations to the idea
that work is equal to force times distance. So, if the box had a mass of 20 kilograms,
and at some point while you were dragging it, it reached a velocity of 4 meters per
second, wed say that its kinetic energy at that moment was 160 Joules.

Then theres potential energy, which actually
isnt what it sounds like. Potential energy isnt potentially energy
-- its potentially work. In other words, potential energy is energy
that could be used to do work. One common type of potential energy is gravitational
potential energy - - basically, the potential energy that comes
from the fact that gravity exists.

If I hold this book a meter above the ground,
wed say that it has gravitational potential energy. Because if you let it go, then gravity is
going to do work on the book. Gravity exerted a force that moves it to the ground. Once the book hits the ground, though, wed
say that its gravitational potential energy is zero, because gravity cant do work on
it anymore.

Calculating gravitational potential energy
is easy enough: its just the force of gravity on the object
-- so, the objects mass times small g -- multiplied by the objects height.
Or mgh for short. Which means that, just by knowing that this
books mass is about a kilogram, and that its a meter above the ground, we can calculate
its potential energy: which is 9.8 Joules. Another type of potential energy that shows
up a lot is spring potential energy. Despite its name, this is not a seasonal thing --
and yes, I really made that joke.

Rather, its the type of potential energy thats
specific to springs! The force of a spring is equal to the distance
by which its either compressed or stretched, times a constant that we write as k. This equation is known as Hookes law, after British physicist Robert Hooke, who came up with it in 1660. Now, the constant, k -- also called the spring
constant -- is different for each spring, and its a measure of the springs stiffness. And the equation makes total sense, if you
think about it: The further you push on the spring, and the
stiffer it is, the harder it will resist.

You even can test this out for yourself by taking apart a clicky pen and playing with the spring inside. By combining Hookes law, with the idea
that work equals force times distance, we can find the potential energy from a spring: its half times k times the distance squared. For example: if you have a spring with a spring
constant of 200 Newtons per meter, and a block is compressing it by half a meter, then the
potential energy of the block would be 25 Joules. So, when something does work on a system,
its energy changes.

But how that energy changes depends on the
system. Some systems can lose energy. These are known
as a non-conservative systems. Now, that doesnt mean that the energy thats
lost is literally disappearing from the universe...

And it doesnt have anything to do with
the systems personal politics, either. It just relates to one of the most
fundamental principles of science: that energy can neither be created or destroyed. But systems can lose energy, like when friction
from the box dragging on the floor generates heat. For non-conservative systems, you can still talk about their kinetic energy or potential energy at any given moment.

But conservative systems let you do much more
than that. A conservative system is one that doesnt
lose energy through work. Say, a simple pendulum. When the pendulum is at the top of its swing,
it stops moving for a brief moment as it changes direction -- meaning that its kinetic energy, at that point, is zero.

But it has lots of potential energy, because
the gravitational force can do work on the pendulum, pulling it down until it reaches
the bottom of its swing. At the bottom of the swing, that potential
energy becomes zero, because gravity cant pull the pendulum down anymore. But now the pendulum has lots of kinetic energy,
because its moving through the swing. And it turns out that, at any given point
in the pendulums motion, its kinetic energy and its potential energy will add up to the
same number.

If its potential energy increases? Its kinetic energy will decrease by the exact same amount, and vice versa. So, now that we know how to define work, we
can use that definition to help explain another common term that physicists have a very specific meaning for: power. Or, more specifically, average power. Average power is defined as work over
time, and its measured in Watts, which is just another way of saying Joules per second.

Basically, its used to measure how much energy is converted from one type to another over time. So, remember that box you were pulling? We figured out that you did 250 Joules of
work on the box when you moved it 5 meters. If it took you 2 seconds to move the box,
then your average power output was 125 Watts. Youre basically a lightbulb! Now, we can also describe power in another
way, by putting two different facts together: One, that work is equal to force times distance.

And two, that average velocity is equal to
distance over time Knowing this, we can say that power is the net force applied to something with a particular average velocity. If you moved the box 5 meters in 2 seconds,
then its average velocity was 2.5 Meters per second. And we already said that you were pulling
the box along with a force of 50 Newtons. So, the force you were using to pull the box,
times the boxs average velocity, would also give you an average power output of 125
Watts.

The two equations for average power are
really describing the same relationship; theyre just using different qualities to do it. Were going to be talking about power a
lot when we discuss electricity in later episodes. Its the best way to calculate how
energy moves around in a circuit. But thats a story for another day.

For
now, our work is done. Today, you learned the two equations we can use to describe work, and that energy is the ability to do work. We also talked about kinetic and potential
energy, and how they play into non-conservative and
conservative systems. Finally, we found two different equations
for power.

Crash Course Physics is produced in association
with PBS Digital Studios. You can head over to their channel to check
out amazing shows like The Art Assignment, PBS Idea Channel, and PBS Game Show. This episode of Crash Course was filmed in
the Doctor Cheryl C. Kinney Crash Course Studio with the help of these amazing people and
our equally amazing graphics team is Thought Cafe..

Why Friday The 13th Is A Very Lucky Day, Indeed!

Fear of the number 13 is the most prevalent
superstition in the Western world. We even have a name for it: triskaidekaphobia. It is quite common for even the most ordinarily
rational and otherwise exemplary person  Winston Churchill, for example  to refuse to sit
in row 13 in the theater or on an airplane. J.

Paul Getty and Franklin Delano Roosevelt
suffered from triskaidekaphobia. Napoleon was also plagued by a dread of 13. Christopher Columbus, too, seems to have been
afflicted. In the 1950s, the Columbiana, a group of Italian
Columbus experts, concluded upon careful study of his ships logs and notes, that Columbus
actually landed on the Western Hemisphere on October 13, 1492.

The date, apparently, was deliberately changed
to October 12, to avoid the imprint of such an evil omen. When the 13th day of the month lands on a
Friday, the culturally unfavorable attributes of each are multiplied by infinity. Friday is heavily charged with guilt and pain
and death in the Judeo- Christian tradition. It was on a Friday that Eve served forbidden
fruit pie at her legendary garden soiree.

Friday was the day that Adam was expelled
from Paradise, the day he repented, the day he died and the day he was cremated. And it was on a Friday  Good Friday  that
Christ was killed on the cross. Friday, the day of original sin, the day Jesus
died, the day of public hangings, in combination with 13, the number of steps on a gallows,
the number of coils of rope in a hangmans noose, the number of the Death card in the
tarot deck, is indubitably designated as a day of portent and doom. The pitiful suicide note of a window washer
that was found with his body in a gas-filled room at his home and quoted in a 1960 issue
of the Yorkshire Post, underscores its powerful, popular reputation, It just needed to rain
today  Friday the 13th  for me to make up my mind.

Poor sod. Ironically, and in definite defiance of the
laws of probability, the 13th day of the month is more likely to fall on a Friday than on
any other day of the week. The precisely aligned pattern of our calendar
days, weeks and months  repeats itself exactly every 400 years. In that 400-year period there are 688 Friday
the 13ths.

2012 Has three Friday the 13ths. Just our luck! Some might say. And, though they would mean it facetiously,
they would, indeed, be right. For up until the patriarchal revolution, both
Fridays and 13s were held in the very highest esteem.

Both the day and the number were associated
with the Great Goddesses, and therefore, regarded as the sacred essence of luck and good fortune. Thirteen is certainly the most essentially
female number  the average number of menstrual cycles in a year. The approximate number, too, of annual cycles
of the moon. When Chinese women make offerings of moon
cakes, there are sure to be 13 on the platter.

Thirteen is the number of blood, fertility,
and lunar potency. 13 Is the lucky number of the Great Goddess. Representing as it does, the number of revolutions
the moon makes around the earth in a year, 13 was the number of regeneration for pre-Columbian
Mexicans. In ancient Israel, 13 was a sanctified number.

Thirteen items were decreed necessary for
the tabernacle. At 13 years of age, a boy was (and still is)
initiated into the adult Jewish community. In Wicca, the pagan goddess tradition of Old
Europe, communicants convene in covens of 13 participants. Thirteen was also auspicious for the Egyptians,
who believed that life has 13 stages, the last of which is death  the transition
to eternal life.

Held holy in honor of Shekinah, the female
aspect of God, Friday was observed as the day of Her special celebrations. Jews around the world still begin the observance
of the Sabbath at sunset on Friday evenings when they invite in the Sabbath Bride. Friday is the Sabbath in the Islamic world. Friday is sacred to Oshun, the Yoruba orisha
of opulent sensuality and overwhelming femininity, and also to Frig, the Norse Goddess of love
and sex, of fertility and creativity.

Her name became the Anglo-Saxon noun for love,
and in the 16th century, frig came to mean to copulate. Friday was associated with the early Mother
Creation Goddesses for whom that day was named. In Anglo-Saxon, Scandinavian, Icelandic, and
Teutonic cultures She was called variously, Freya, Freia, Freyja, Fir, Frea and Frig. Friday is Frigs Day, Frigedaeg, in Old
English, Fredag in Danish, Freitag in Dutch.

In Mediterranean lands, She reigned as Venus. In Latin, Friday is the Day of Venus, Dies
Veneris; Vendredi in French, Venerdi in Italian and Viernes in Spanish. Friday the 13th is ultimately the celebration
of the lives and loves of Lady Luck. On this, Her doubly-dedicated day, let us
consider what fortuitous coincidences constitute our fate.

The lucky blend of just the right conditions,
chemistries, elements, and energies that comprise our universe. The way it all works. The way we are. That we are at all.

That, despite whatever major or minor matters
we might think are unlucky, we have somehow managed to remain alive and aware. This Friday the 13th, let us stand in full
consciousness of the miraculousness of existence and count our blessings. Thank Goddess! Knock on wood!.

Why Did Swami Vivekananda Die So Young

Why did Swami Vivekananda, one of the greatest
preachers of Vedanta Philosophy since the time of Shankaracharya, die so young? Just
like Shankaracharya, Swami Vivekananda too did not live long and left his physical body
at the early age of 39. Now even though Swamiji, as he was called
suffered from many ailments such as diabetes and asthma, nevertheless on the day of his
passing he was actually in good health and in a jovial mood during breakfast.
So what caused him to die so young? Actually behind the passing of every evolved soul such
as Swami Vivekananda, there is a greater spiritual reality hidden which we ordinarily do not
grasp. But luckily for us Swamiji himself revealed the truth in great detail.
About 6 years before his passing, sometime in August of 1896, Vivekananda confided to
his brother disciple Swami Abhedananda that he was going to live only for 5 or 6 years
more at most. How accurate was this prediction, for Swami
Vivekananda passed away 6 years hence on July 4th 1902.

When Swami Abhedananda protested
saying a young man like him should not think of death, Vivekananda replied: You do not
understand. My soul is getting bigger and bigger every day; so much so that the body
can hardly contain it. Any day it may burst this cage of flesh and bone.
Now what did Swamiji mean when he said that his soul was getting bigger. Here is the explanation.
The soul is nothing but pure consciousness.

So what Swami Vivekananda meant was that his
consciousness was expanding so much beyond the realms of ordinary human consciousness,
to the domain of the super-conscious that the body was proving an inadequate container
and would soon have to be let go. To better understand this point let us delve
into Vedanta philosophy for just a few moments. According to Vedanta philosophy, consciousness
is a field which exists separate from the body. This field of consciousness is a continuum
which means that it goes on endlessly in all directions like an infinite ocean.
For the sake of simplicity I will draw it as follows  the yellow bar representing
the infinite field of consciousness.

Now our individual souls can be thought of as a portion
of this continuous field of consciousness. Thus what we normally experience as human
consciousness is only a small subsection of the infinite range of consciousness. The vast
majority of which lies beyond the realm of ordinary human experience.
Here I would like to point out that many times what we call as paranormal or psychic phenomena
fall in this zone. This is similar to light, where we are able to see only a few frequencies
out of the full spectrum, but certain insects such as bees can pick out many more colours.
Now Vedanta tells us that different living beings experience different portions of this
one continuous spectrum of consciousness.

Take for example the ant. Compared to us it
has significantly lower amounts of consciousness. An ant is not aware of the traffic jam outside,
nor does it worry about picking the kids up from school. In other words the soul of the
ant is in a state of restricted consciousness, or limited awareness about the world.

Many
things exist beyond its ant world of which it is completely unaware. Now let us say that
the soul or consciousness of the ant expands so that it becomes aware of more things.
Then Vedanta tells us that the soul of the ant will find the small body and brain of
the ant as insufficient to express its greater consciousness. And therefore, it will manifest
for its purposes a better body, say that of a cat.
So according to Vedanta this is how evolution happens. Underneath the chain of physical
evolution of species, is the spiritual reality of an expanding consciousness.

This expansion
of consciousness is the real engine which propels the entire train of biological evolution.
Now in the evolutionary chain you do not jump directly from an ant to a cat, rather there
are many small evolutionary steps in the middle, but this is just an example to demonstrate
the idea. In fact in Hinduism, the soul is said to traverse through 8.4 Million life-forms
before it attains to a human birth. But human beings too are not the final step
in the evolutionary chain. In the case of human beings our consciousness or our soul
has gotten significantly bigger than that of animals but it is still restricted.
In fact still beyond the realms of ordinary human consciousness, lies a specific state
of super-consciousness, where our soul has become so enlarged that it has become infinite.
In other words from being a little portion of the ocean of consciousness, it has become
the whole.

This state, where the soul has become one
with the infinite ocean of consciousness - also known as Universal Consciousness or God; this
state of the soul is called by different names in different religions. In Hinduism it is
called Samadhi, in Buddhism, Enlightenment and in Christianity, Salvation.
The names may be different, but they all mean the same thing  and that is freedom or
liberation from the evolutionary cycle of birth and death. For in this ultimate state
of super-conscious Samadhi the soul is finally free. Its infinite consciousness can no longer
be confined to the finite body and the body is let go.
This state of Samadhi was attained to by Swami Vivekananda, by his guru Sri Ramakrishna,
by Sri Aurobindo, by Ramana Maharishi and in our present times by my highest guru Shriram
Sharma Acharya.

This state of super-conscious enlightenment
was also attained to by Jesus and by Buddha; and this final state of freedom alone is the
goal for all of us, right down to the little ant.
This brings us to the end of our presentation. Thank you so much for watching. If you have
further questions in your heart surrounding God, soul, consciousness, life and death;
then be sure to visit my website The Spiritual Bee at www.Spiritualbee.Com..

What's Love Got To Do With Business

(Soft soothing music) - Steve Farber is with us, he
is the founder and chairman of the Extreme Leadership Institute. He's got clients like
Microsoft, Hyatt Hotels, Cisco, Ernst and Young, et cetera. Been in business for 30 years
and he's here to talk about - Love. - [Joel] In business? - In business, I know
we're not accustomed to using those words in
the same sentence, but-- - What's love got to do with it, if I may? - Well, simply put, love
is just damn good business.

- [Joel] Why? - Well, look, first of all, let's just understand where we are, okay? Over the last 10 years, if
you look at the research from the U.S. Government,
among other places, we've thrown, when I say we I
mean the business community, has thrown nearly a trillion dollars at leadership development. So you take that trillion dollars and compare it with the
very famous Gallup study that comes out every year
that measures engagement. - In other words, how
happy people are on a job.

- How happy people are on the job. - Right. - And how much they
put themselves into it. - Right.

- This year 73% of the
workforce is disengaged. Compare that with 10 years ago. - When it was? - 70%. Now that's essentially the same thing.

- So after a trillion dollars things have gotten slightly worse. - Yes. (Laughs) Or at least they haven't moved. - They haven't moved.

- So we need something
radical to move the needle and love is about as radical as it gets, particularly in the context of business. If we really operationalize love, that's where our competitive
advantage comes from. - That's a big word. What do you mean by operationalize? - So there's lots of companies out there that build marketing campaigns around how much they love their customers, right? And we can print the banners and we can wear the buttons
that say we love our customers.

- [Joel] Right. - It's not that. That's not a bad thing as
long as we can back it up. We need to create experiences,
products and services, combination of the two,
that our customers love.

- [Joel] Right. - Because we all know that that's where our competitive
advantage comes from. So in order to create the experience that our customers love, we have to create an environment that our folks, that our people,
that our team loves working in and we can't do that unless we love them, and the business, and the customers first. - I follow the logic, but it sounds to me like you are mandating a sentiment.

I can't force myself to
love somebody, right? - No, you can't, but first of
all love is not a sentiment. It's a practice, it's a discipline. So I can care for you,
I can be kind to you, I can cultivate an environment
that you love working in, even if maybe there's somebody else that I'd rather hang out with. (Joel laughs) Right? But if I can do that, - [Joel] Right, right.

- It's gonna show up,
I'll give you an example. - [Joel] Yeah. - There's a great little
company in Jacksonville, Florida called Trailer Bridge. They're in the shipping logistics company.

They emerged from bankruptcy in 2014 and the place was toxic. They burned through four
CEOs in three years, four heads of HR in three years. In fact, HR was known in the
company as the rumor mill. (Laughs) That's the function that people
thought that they served.

They were dying to get out of there if they could find another
job people were gone. Mitch Luciano, who was part
of the management team, was tapped by the board to be the new CEO. And this was a guy who,
I later came to find out after I heard the story,
was a huge fan of my books. The Radical Leap, the Radical
Edge, Greater Than Yourself.

- [Joel] Yeah, yeah, yeah. - They really influenced how he lead and the core theme and
everything that I'd written about and everything that I do is this idea that love is good business. - So he was putting
your stuff into practice and you hadn't even met the guy yet? - Hadn't even met him, no. - Wow.

- Yeah, which is one of
the great things about - Right. - And gratifying things
about being an author, right? Here's what he did. The first thing he said was, "I can't take the title of CEO. "I'll take the responsibility,
but I won't take the title, "because nobody trusts
the title (laughs) of CEO, "'cause we burn through 'em like tinder." So he said, "I'll be the president, "I'll earn the title of CEO." And then, now this is really important, he was coming from a
place of authenticity.

I love these people, I love this company, I love the future that
we can create together. That's where he was coming from. So the first thing he did was, he said we're a company of 110 people, everybody's wearing name tags,
we should know each other. - We should know each other's names.

- Right, by now. - Right, it's not like a
110,000 people, it's 110 people. - Right, yeah. - So he got rid of the name tags then he lowered the height of the cubicles so people could actually see each other and encourage them to
actually talk to each other.

And then he said we have to model this. As leaders that starts with me. And what love looks like to Mitch, is that if you come into his office, and you say, hey, Mitch, can I have five minutes of your time, even though he knows it's not gonna be five minutes (laughs). - It's gonna be half and hour, right.

- It's gonna be at least an hour. - Yeah, yeah. - He says, "Yes, come in,"
he turns off his computer, he spins around, looks at
you and says, Tell me." - What was the result of all this? - Just the last two years in a row they've been voted
number one and number two best place to work in
the city of Jacksonville. The most profitable results
in the history of the company.

And they, you know, they're
recruiting great talent left and right because their own people are now their best recruiters. - So ordinarily we think business and love are kind of opposite ends
of the dichotomy, right? - Yes, we do. - Here you are a business guy. - Yes.

- And you're not takin' love lightly? - I am not.
- Alright. - I do not take the word love lightly. - And neither should we. (Soft soothing music) - Love is just damn good business.

- Thanks for being with us. - My pleasure. (Soft soothing music).

What Was So Super About Tuesday

TODAY WAS SUPER TUESDAY, THE DAY
DURING AN ELECTION YEAR ON WHICH. SEVERAL STATES HOLD PRIMARY
ELECTIONS. AND DEPENDING ON THE RESULTS OF
SUPER TUESDAY, TOMORROW COULD BE. PANIC WEDNESDAY BECAUSE, LET'S
BE HONEST, THIS SUPER TUESDAY.

COULD BE THE DAY THAT TRUMP
RUNNING FOR PRESIDENT BECOMES. OFFICIALLY NOT FUNNY ANYMORE. (LAUGHTER)
WHY DO AMERICANS CALL THIS DAY. "SUPER TUESDAY?"
DO YOU EVEN KNOW WHAT THE WORD.

"SUPER" MEANS? CALLING THE PRIMARY ELECTIONS
"SUPER" IS LIKE CALLING BROCCOLI. A "GUILTY PLEASURE." (LAUGHTER)
TRUMP'S CHANCES OF GETTING THE. NOMINATION ARE LOOKING VERY
GOOD. HE'S EARNED SO MANY
ENDORSEMENTS.

MOST RECENTLY, AT A RALLY IN
GEORGIA YESTERDAY, TRUMP WAS. ENDORSED BY THE C.E.O. OF NASCAR
AND SEVERAL PROMINENT NASCAR. DRIVERS.

WITH THE NASCAR ENDORSEMENT,
DONALD TRUMP HAS LOCKED UP THE. COVETED "GUY YOU WISH YOUR
SISTER WOULD BREAK UP WITH" VOTE. (LAUGHTER)
PEOPLE WERE REALLY APPLAUDING. WHEN THESE NASCAR DRIVERS JOINED
THE STAGE AT THE TRUMP RALLY.

AND THAT'S IMPRESSIVE. DO YOU KNOW HOW HARD IT IS TO
APPLAUD WHEN THREE OF YOUR. FINGERS WERE BLOWN OFF BY A
FIRECRACKER? (LAUGHTER)
IT'S NOT NICE! (CHEERS AND APPLAUSE)
BUT THE C.E.O. OF NASCAR, BRIAN.

FRANCE, SPOKE SAYING THAT "TRUMP
IS A FAMILY MAN." AND IT'S TRUE. JUST ASK ANY OF TRUMP'S THREE
WIVES. (LAUGHTER)
THAT'S HOW MUCH HE LOVES. FAMILIES.

HE MADE THREE OF THEM! TO BE HONEST, I DON'T KNOW WHY
THIS IS EVEN NEWS. DONALD TRUMP BEING ENDORSED BY
NASCAR IS LIKE BERNIE SANDERS. BEING ENDORSED BY A VEGAN COFFEE
SHOP. (LAUGHTER)
BUT THE BIG NEWS ABOUT TRUMP THE.

LAST COUPLE OF DAYS HAS BEEN
OUTRAGE AFTER TRUMP'S INITIAL. REFUSAL TO DISAVOW THE KU KLUX
KLAN AFTER THEY ENDORSED HIM. NOW, IN HIS DEFENSE, TRUMP DID
EVENTUALLY SAY HE WAS AGAINST. THE K.K.K., AND HE DID THAT
AFTER TAKING ONLY 48 HOURS TO.

THINK ABOUT IT. (LAUGHTER)
HE JUST NEEDED TO SLEEP ON IT. TWICE. TRUMP HAS GOTTEN OUT IN FRONT OF
THESE RACISM ALLEGATIONS.

IN FACT, JUST THIS MORNING, HE
RENOUNCED SUPPORT OF ALL WHITE. SUPREMACISTS AND THEN DECLARED,
"THERE'S NOBODY THAT'S DONE SO. MUCH FOR EQUALITY AS I HAVE,"
POINTING TO HIS MAR-A-LAGO CLUB. IN PALM BEACH, FLORIDA AS AN
EXAMPLE.

TRUMP'S MAR-A-LAGO RESORT IS
OPEN TO PEOPLE OF ANY RACE, COLOR, OR CREED...WHO CAN AFFORD
THE NON-REFUNDABLE $100,000 APPLICATION FEE. THAT'S RIGHT. TRUMP'S BEST ARGUMENT FOR BEING
PRO-EQUALITY IS THAT HE BUILT A. COUNTRY CLUB THAT DOESN'T BAN
MINORITIES.

NOTHING REPRESENTS THE MELTING
POT OF AMERICA LIKE A GOLF CLUB. IN FLORIDA. THE SITUATION WITH DONALD TRUMP
HAS GOTTEN SO CRAZY THAT TED. CRUZ HAS BECOME THE VOICE OF
REASON.

CRUZ RECENTLY WENT ON A
CONSERVATIVE RADIO SHOW WHERE HE. OFFERED TRUMP A LITTLE ADVICE. >> YOU KNOW, I'VE JOKED THERE
ARE NOT MANY IRON RULES IN. POLITICS, BUT ONE THAT YOU CAN
COUNT ON 100% OF THE TIME IS THE.

KLAN ALWAYS BAD, NAZIS ALWAYS
BAD. YOU WILL NEVER GO WRONG WITH
THAT RULE. EITHER THE KLAN OR NAZIS, BAD,
BAD, BAD... (APPLAUSE)
>> James: TED CRUZ HAS THE.

MORAL HIGH GROUND HERE. TED CRUZ WAS ENDORSED BY THE GUY
FROM DUCK DYNASTY. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE DUCK
DYNASTY GUY AND THE K.K.K. IS.

THAT ONE OF THEM HAS A TV SHOW. BUT AFTER HIS LOSSES ON SUPER
TUESDAY, TED CRUZ IS HAVING A. TOUGH NIGHT. TED, HOW DO YOU FEEL ABOUT YOUR
CHANCES OF BECOMING PRESIDENT.

NOW? >> BAD, BAD, BAD....

What Is Hyperinsulinism (HI) (1 of 7)

>> HYPERINSULINISM IS
A CONGENITAL DISORDER. OF REGULATION OF
INSULIN SECRETION. >> THE CELLS IN THE PANCREAS
THAT MAKE INSULIN CAN'T TURN. THAT INSULIN OFF,
AND WHEN THAT HAPPENS, THE BLOOD SUGAR
BECOMES DANGEROUSLY LOW.

>> BASICALLY IT'S THE
OPPOSITE TO DIABETES. CHILDREN THAT HAVE
HYPERINSULINISM PRODUCE TOO. MUCH INSULIN AND THAT CAUSES
SEVERE LOW BLOOD GLUCOSE. >> BLOOD SUGAR
FEEDS THE BRAIN.

AND IT'S WHAT OUR BODY
USES FOR ENERGY AS A WHOLE. >> SO WHEN YOU FEEL LOW BLOOD
SUGAR YOU MAY FEEL WEAK, YOU MAY FEEL
CONFUSED AND DISORIENTED, OR YOU MAY HAVE SEIZURES. >> SO THAT PUTS THE BRAIN AT
HIGHER RISK FOR SUFFERING. DAMAGE.

>> THAT'S WHY IT'S SO
IMPORTANT TO DETECT WHEN. INFANTS HAVE A LOW LEVEL
OF BLOOD SUGAR TO BE ABLE. TO CORRECT IT AS
SOON AS POSSIBLE. >> THE LONGER IT TAKES UNTIL
DIAGNOSIS AND REFERRAL, THE HIGHER LIKELIHOOD
THAT THE CHILD WILL HAVE.

CATASTROPHIC CONSEQUENCES,
INCLUDING SEVERE BRAIN INJURY. >> AT THE CHILDREN'S
HOSPITAL OF PHILADELPHIA. HYPERINSULINISM CENTER,
WE SEE APPROXIMATELY TWO-THIRDS. OF ALL THE CASES THAT ARE
BORN IN THIS COUNTRY.

WITH HYPERINSULINISM. >> ONCE A DIAGNOSIS OF
HYPERINSULINISM IS MADE, WE NEED TO EDUCATE FAMILIES
TO WHAT IS HYPERINSULINISM? WHAT CAN BE CAUSING
THE HYPERINSULINISM? AND HOW CAN WE TREAT
THE HYPERINSULINISM? >> THERE ARE TWO TYPES
OF HYPERINSULINISM. THERE'S A DIFFUSE FORM
AND THERE'S THE FOCAL FORM. >> WHEN THERE'S
DIFFUSE DISEASE, ALL OF THE INSULIN-SECRETING
CELLS IN THE PANCREAS.

ARE ABNORMAL, BUT WHEN
IT'S FOCAL DISEASE, A VERY SMALL CLUSTER OF
CELLS MEASURING PERHAPS LESS. THAN ONE-QUARTER OF AN INCH
IN DIAMETER ARE ABNORMAL. >> SO FOCAL FORM REALLY MEANS
JUST PART OF THE PANCREAS. IS AFFECTED AND ONCE THAT PART
THAT'S AFFECTED IS TAKEN.

OUT, IT'S CURABLE. THE DISEASE IS CURABLE. FOR DIFFUSE, TYPICALLY THE
WHOLE PANCREAS IS AFFECTED. ALL THE BETA CELLS ARE
NOT FUNCTIONING PROPERLY.

AND THE BABIES NEED A NEAR
TOTAL PANCREATECTOMY. OR 95 - 98 PERCENT OF THEIR
PANCREAS REMOVED. >> BY DOING GENETIC SCREENING
AND FINDING OUT WHAT GENE IS. DEFECTIVE IN THESE CHILDREN
WE CAN VERYWITH HIGH.

ACCURACYDETERMINE WHO
HAS FOCAL HYPERINSULINISM. AND WHO WOULD HAVE
DIFFUSE HYPERINSULINISM. >> WHEN WE START THINKING
ABOUT MEDICAL MANAGEMENT. VERSUS SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
THE GENETICS PLAY.

AN IMPORTANT ROLE..

What is aortic stenosis

Aortic stenosis is a condition that can
kill people suddenly when it becomes severe. The aortic valve is the fourth
and final valve that the blood crosses on its course through the heart. When the
left ventricle squeezes the blood comes out through a healthy sized orifice like
this and the leaflets open and close. When you get these calcium deposits on
the aortic valve, it restricts the excursion and sometimes leaflets are
even frozen and one barely opens.

So, what is ordinarily a nice opening for
the blood to be ejected from the heart becomes a slit. The only treatment,
traditionally, has been open-heart surgery but, this evolving, wonderful new
technology, is ingenious. Transcatheter aortic valve
replacement (TAVR) uses the most common portal of access through the femoral artery in
the groin. Guide wires are advanced up the aorta.

It has allowed us to offer
treatment to patients that were previously thought to be too high-risk..